UV-induced cross-linking of proteins to plasmid pBR322 containing 8-azidoadenine 2′-deoxyribonucleotides

AbstractAn efficient method of cross-linking DNA to protein is described. The method is based on the incorporation of photoactive 8-azidoadenine 2′-deoxyribonucleotides into DNA. We have found that 8-N3dATP is a substrate for E. coli DNA polymerase I and that 8-N3dATP can be incorporated into plasmid pBR322 by nick-translation. Subsequently we were able to cross-link a set of different proteins to 8-azido-2′-deoxyadenosine-containing pBR322 by UV irradiation (366 nm). No DNA-protein photocross-linking was observed under the same conditions when the non-photoactive plasmid pBR322 was used

Unterstützung von Entwurfsmustern im Quelltext durch bedeutungsorientierte Dokumentation

Die Bedeutung erweiterbarer und wartbarer Software wächst mit zunehmender Komplexität des Technologiemarktes. Es gibt zahlreiche Ansätze, Entwickler bei der Erstellung derartiger Software zu unterstützen. Ein Ansatz sind Entwurfsmuster. Sie helfen bei der Reduzierung des Problems des Architekturzerfalls, der durch naturgemäß steigende Entropie und Komplexität während des Software-Entwicklungsprozesses entsteht. Die Anzahl der dokumentierten Entwurfsmuster nimmt durch neue Publikationen stetig zu. Die Auswahl geeigneter Muster für einen Anwendungsfall wird dadurch immer schwieriger. Weiterhin wird die in der Praxis nur bedingt verfügbare und unzureichende Unterstützung für Entwickler bei der Arbeit mit Entwurfsmustern der intensiven Beschäftigung in der Forschung mit diesem Thema nicht gerecht. Diese Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur besseren Unterstützung des Entwicklers bei der Arbeit mit Mustern jeglicher Granularität. Die formale Dokumentation dieser wird thematisiert, um anhand dessen die Anwendbarkeit eines Musters für einen objektorientierten Quelltext festzustellen und das Muster mit Hilfe von Quelltexttransformationen werkzeuggestützt anzuwenden. Sie stellt eine durchgängige Methodik bereit für das Anreichern von Programmtext mit semantischen Informationen, die bei der Musterselektion und -anwendung dienlich sind. Die vorgestellte Methodik ist für den Einsatz in Quelltextrezensionen geeignet, deckt also die Forward- und Reengineering-Phase bei der Software-Entwicklung ab.The significance of extendable and maintainable software rises with the growing complexity of technologies. Numerous approaches support developers to create software with these characteristics. One such approach is given with design patterns. They help in reducing the problem of architectural decay, which comes naturally from escalating entropy and complexity during the process of software development. The number of to-date documented design patterns raises through new publications steadily. Thus, the selection of applicable patterns for a given use case becomes more difficult. Besides, the limited support for developers when working with design patterns in practice does not reflect the massive effort put into this issue by academic research. This work contributes to a better support of patterns with arbitrary granularity in the developer’s daily work. Focus lies on the formal documentation of patterns in order to determine their applicability for a given object-oriented source code and to apply them on a tool-basis with help of source code transformations. This work provides a method for enriching source code with semantic information that is seen as valuable for the processes of selecting and applying a pattern. The present work is suited for source code reviews and thus covers the forward and reengineering phase during software development

German evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of Psoriasis vulgaris (short version)

Psoriasis vulgaris is a common and chronic inflammatory skin disease which has the potential to significantly reduce the quality of life in severely affected patients. The incidence of psoriasis in Western industrialized countries ranges from 1.5 to 2%. Despite the large variety of treatment options available, patient surveys have revealed insufficient satisfaction with the efficacy of available treatments and a high rate of medication non-compliance. To optimize the treatment of psoriasis in Germany, the Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft and the Berufsverband Deutscher Dermatologen (BVDD) have initiated a project to develop evidence-based guidelines for the management of psoriasis. The guidelines focus on induction therapy in cases of mild, moderate, and severe plaque-type psoriasis in adults. The short version of the guidelines reported here consist of a series of therapeutic recommendations that are based on a systematic literature search and subsequent discussion with experts in the field; they have been approved by a team of dermatology experts. In addition to the therapeutic recommendations provided in this short version, the full version of the guidelines includes information on contraindications, adverse events, drug interactions, practicality, and costs as well as detailed information on how best to apply the treatments described (for full version, please see Nast et al., JDDG, Suppl 2:S1–S126, 2006; or http://www.psoriasis-leitlinie.de)

Supporting Design Patterns with Annotations

Design patterns are an established means for building evolvable and maintainable object-oriented software. However, using them requires the developer's extensive experience. A wrongly selected design pattern may cause more harm than the right pattern would do good. A single developer is not able to totally know all to date documented patterns, or even identify the best pattern for his current design problem. This paper presents an approach aiding the developer in selecting the right pattern for a given context by introducing annotations (expressing meanings) to objectoriented source code. Eventually the approach is based on trying to match the intentions defined for a particular design pattern with those determined for a given source code fragment. As the existence of source code is a prerequisite the approach is suitable for developers directly working with code and not using a modelling tool that updates their code, or for the reengineering phase

Defining and Selecting Design Patterns Considering Explicit Semantics and Corresponding Elements

Extensibility and maintainability of software becomes more an issue as the complexity of the software development process rises. Design patterns in the sense of [3] aid in reducing the problem of architectural decay. However, new publications steadily increase the number of documented patterns. This makes the automated and toolsupported processing of design patterns more important as well as supporting the learning process for the understanding of concrete patterns. Here, the definition of pattern templates receives prominent relevance. This paper supports the definition of pattern templates by distinguishing several types of corresponding pattern and source code elements. Considering semantic elements and corresponding annotations allows for explicitly declaring the sense/intention and the meaning of pattern and program parts. This leads to the possibility of toolsupported selection of applicable patterns and assists in their application and detection

concept

a new code-based software developmen